Location

Southeastern Europe and Southwestern Asia, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria

Geographic coordinates

39 00 N, 35 00 E  

Area

Total: 780,580 sq km 
Land: 770,760 sq km 
Water: 9,820 sq km 

Land boundaries

Total: 2,648 km 
Border countries: Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria 240 km, Georgia 252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 352 km, Syria 822 km  

Coastline

7,200 km 

Climate

Temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior 

Elevation extremes

Lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m 
Highest point: Mount Ararat 5,166 m

Natural resources

coal, iron ore, copper, chromium, antimony, mercury, gold, barite, borate, celestite (strontium), emery, feldspar, limestone, magnesite, marble, perlite, pumice, pyrites (sulfur), clay, arable land, hydropower

Environment

Party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands 
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification 

Country name

Conventional long form: Republic of Turkiye 
Conventional short form: Turkiye 
Local long form: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti 
Local short form: Türkiye  

Government type

Presidential system
Republican parliamentary democracy 

Capital

Ankara

Legal system

Civil law system derived from various European continental legal systems, member of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) 

Independence

29 October 1923

National holiday

Republic Day, 29 October (1923) 

Executive branch

Presidential Cabinet consists of President, Vice President and ministers: Justice, Family and Social Services, Labor and Social Security, Environment Urbanization And Climate Change, Foreign Affairs, Energy and Natural Resources, Youth and Sports, Treasury And Finance, Interior, Culture and Tourism, National Education, National Defense, Health, Industry and Technology, Agriculture and Forestry, Trade, Transport and Infrastructure.

Legislative branch

The total number of members is 600. The total number of members shall be taken into account in calculating the required majority for meetings and decisions as stated in the Constitution, the Rules of Procedure, and laws. A legislative term, which is the period between two general elections, is five years unless it is extended in accordance with the Constitution or the elections are renewed.

Judicial branch

Constitutional Court; High Court of Appeals (Yargitay); Council of State (Danistay); Court of Accounts (Sayistay); Military High Court of Appeals; Military High Administrative Court 

Political parties

AP (Justice Party), AK Parti (Justice and Development Party), ANAP (Motherland Party), BTP Bağımsız Türkiye Partisi, BBP Büyük Birlik Partisi, CHP (Republican People’s Party), DEVA Demokrasi ve Atılım Partisi, DP Demokrat Parti, DSP (Democratic Left Party), EMEP Emek Partisi, GP Gelecek Partisi, GP Genç Parti, HDP Halkların Demokratik Partisi, İYİ Parti, HÜDA PAR Hür Dava Partisi, MP Memleket Partisi, MİLLET Millet Partisi, MHP (Nationalist Action Party), MYP Muhafazakâr Yükseliş Partisi, SP (Felicity Party), SOL Sol Parti, TDP Türkiye Değişim Partisi, TİP Türkiye İşçi Partisi, TKH Türkiye Komünist Hareketi, TKP Türkiye Komünist Partisi, VP Vatan Partisi, YRP Yeniden Refah Partisi

Political pressure groups

Confederation of Public Sector Unions or KESK, Confederation of Revolutionary Workers Unions or DISK, Independent Industrialists’ and Businessmen’s Association or MUSIAD, Moral Rights Workers Union or Hak-Is, Turkish Confederation of Employers’ Unions or TISK, Turkish Confederation of Labor or Turk-Is, Turkish Confederation of Tradesmen and Craftsmen or TESK, Turkish Industrialists’ and Businessmen’s Association or TUSIAD, Turkish Union of Chambers of Commerce and Commodity Exchanges or TOBB

International organization participation

AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CE, CERN (observer), EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EU (applicant), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SECI, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIS, UNOMIG, UNRWA, UPU, WCO, WEU (associate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC 

Population

13,648,270 (1927)
70,413,958 (July 2006 est.)
84,680,273 (2021)
85,000,000 (December 2022)

Age structure

0-14 years: 25.5% (male 9,133,226/female 8,800,070) 
15-64 years: 67.7% (male 24,218,277/female 23,456,761) 
65 years and over: 6.8% (male 2,198,073/female 2,607,551) (2006 est.) 

Median age:

Total: 21.2 years 
Male: 19.1 years 
Female: 23.4 years (1935)

Total: 28.1 years 
Male: 27.9 years 
Female: 28.3 years (2006)

Total: 33.1 years 
Male: 32.4 years 
Female: 33.8 years (2021)

Population growth rate

2.11% (1935)
1.06% (2006 est.)
1.27% (2021)

Birth rate

16.62 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Death rate

5.97 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Net migration rate

-1.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population 2022 est.

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006)

1,792,036 Foreigners living in Turkey (2021)

2,777,797 people moved between cities in Turkey (2021)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female 
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 
65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2006 est.)  

Infant mortality rate

total: 39.69 deaths/1,000 live births 
male: 43.27 deaths/1,000 live births 
female: 35.93 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)  

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 72.62 years 
male: 70.18 years 
female: 75.18 years (2006 est.)  

Total fertility rate

1.92 children born/woman (2006 est.)    

Religions

Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (mostly Christians and Jews) 

Inflation rate

7.7% in 2005 – a 30-year low
As of november 2022, Consumer price index (CPI) realized as 84.39% annually and 2.88% monthly

GDP

GDP by production approach increased by 43.6% compared to the previous year and reached 7 trillion 248 billion 789 million TRY at current prices in 2021. In 2021, manufacturing industry had the largest share with 22.2%. Manufacturing industry was followed by wholesale and retail trade and transport and storage industry with 13.0% and 8.8%, respectively. Services of households as employers had the lowest share in GDP.

Labor force

24.7 million 
note: about 1.2 million Turks work abroad (2005 est.)
57,497,905 (2021)
Labor force – by occupation: 
agriculture: 35.9% 
industry: 22.8% 
services: 41.2% (3rd qtr. 2004) 
Unemployment rate: 
10.2% plus underemployment of 4% (2005 est.) 
Population below poverty line: 
20% (2002)  

Budget

revenues: $93.58 billion 
expenditures: $115.3 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA (2005 est.)  

Public debt

68% of GDP (2005 est.) 

Agriculture – products

tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulse, citrus; livestock

Industries

textiles, food processing, autos, electronics, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paperIndustrial production growth rate: 5.9% (2005 est.) 
Electricity – production: 133.6 billion kWh (2003) 
Electricity – consumption: 140.3 billion kWh (2005) 
Electricity – exports: 600 million kWh (2002) 
Electricity – imports: 1.2 billion kWh (2002) 
Oil – production: 50,000 bbl/day (2005 est.) 
Oil – consumption: 715,100 bbl/day (2005 est.) 
Oil – exports: 46,110 bbl/day (2001) 
Oil – imports: 616,500 bbl/day (2001) 
Oil – proved reserves: 288.4 million bbl (1 January 2002) 
Natural gas – production: 560 million cu m (2003 est.) 
Natural gas – consumption: 22.6 billion cu m (2005 est.) 
Natural gas – exports: 0 cu m (2001 est.) 
Natural gas – imports: 15.75 billion cu m (2001 est.) 
Natural gas – proved reserves: 8.495 billion cu m (1 January 2002)  

Current account balance

-$23.08 billion (2005 est.) 

Exports

$72.49 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.) 
Exports – commodities: 
apparel, foodstuffs, textiles, metal manufactures, transport equipment 
Exports – partners: 
Germany 12.9%, UK 8.1%, Italy 7.6%, US 6.7%, France 5.2%, Spain 4.1% (2005) 

Imports

$101.2 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.) 
Imports – commodities: 
machinery, chemicals, semi-finished goods, fuels, transport equipment 
Imports – partners: 
Germany 11.7%, Russia 11%, Italy 6.5%, China 5.9%, France 5%, US 4.6%, UK 4% (2005)   

Currency (code)

Turkish lira (TRL)

Exchange rates

Turkish liras per US dollar – 1.3436 (2005), 1.4255 (2004), 1.5009 (2003), 1.5072 (2002), 1.2256 (2001) 
note: on 1 January 2005 the old Turkish Lira (TRL) was converted to new Turkish Lira (YTL) at a rate of 1,000,000 old to 1 new Turkish Lira
Daily exchange rates YTL x EURO (1/1/2006-30/10/2006)
Daily exchange rates YTL x USD (1/1/2006-30/10/2006) 

Radio broadcast stations

AM 16, FM 107, shortwave 6 (2001)  

Television broadcast stations

635 (plus 2,934 repeaters) (1995) 

Internet

Internet country code:  .tr 
Internet hosts:  753,394 (2005) 
Internet users:  5.5 million (2003) 

Airports

117 (2006)  

Heliports

18 (2006)  

Pipelines

gas 3,177 km; oil 3,562 km (2004)  

Railways

8,697 km  

Roadways

347,553 km 

Waterways

1,200 km (2005)